Gestational diabetes

 Gestational diabetes is manifested by hyperglycemia, with blood glucose levels that are higher than normal, but do not reach diagnostic values for diagnosing diabetes. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy.

Women with this form of diabetes are at increased risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Such women, and possibly their children, are also at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

Most often, gestational diabetes is diagnosed not by the patient's complaints, but by prenatal screening.

Decreased glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose

Impaired glucose tolerance (PTH) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) are intermediate states between normal and diabetes. Individuals with PTH and NGN are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes, although this outcome is not inevitable.

Prevention

The most effective way to prevent or delay the development of type 2 diabetes is lifestyle modification.

As measures to prevent type 2 diabetes and related complications, it is recommended:

· achieve and maintain a healthy body weight;

· maintain a physically active lifestyle by doing at least 30 minutes a day of moderate-intensity exercise;

· Eat a healthy diet and reduce your intake of sugar and saturated fats.

· do not smoke tobacco.

Diagnosis and treatment

Early diagnosis can be made with relatively inexpensive blood glucose testing. Patients with type 1 diabetes cannot live without insulin injections.

One of the most important ways to treat diabetes is to lead a healthy lifestyle.

Some people with type 2 diabetes need to take drugs to control their blood sugar levels. This may be insulin injections or other means. For example:

· metformin;

· sulfonylurea;

· inhibitors of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (iNGKT-2).

Along with blood sugar-lowering drugs, people with diabetes often need blood pressure lowering drugs and statins to reduce the risk of complications.

Additional medical care may be needed to manage the effects of diabetes:

· foot care for ulcers;

· screening and treatment of kidney disease;

· screening for retinopathy (causing blindness).

WHO activities

WHO is committed to encouraging and supporting effective surveillance, prevention and control of diabetes and its complications, especially in low- and middle-income countries. To this end, WHO:

· provides scientific advice on the prevention of major noncommunicable diseases, including diabetes;

· develops norms and standards for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes;

· raises awareness of the global diabetes epidemic by celebrating World Diabetes Day (November 14); And

· conducts surveillance of diabetes and its risk factors.

In April 2021, WHO launched the Global Diabetes Pact, a global initiative to drive sustainable improvements in diabetes care and prevention, with a particular focus on supporting low- and middle-income countries.

In May 2021, the World Health Assembly adopted a resolution to strengthen diabetes prevention and control. In May 2022, the World Health Assembly approved five global targets for diabetes diagnosis and treatment coverage to be achieved by 2030.

 

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